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November 17

American Thinker: The Nazis and Christianity

 

American Thinker: The Nazis and Christianity

Christianity had declined severely in Germany at the time the Nazis came to power, which is why the Nazis were able to come to power. 

Many atheists presume that the Nazis were a weird variation of Christianity. I use come from very old books, rather than Wikipedia.  I own these books and the books were written during the very years in which Nazism came to power.  The authors of these books came from a wide variety of perspectives -- Christian, Jewish, atheist, Marxist and the like.  All of the material in this article is replicated in which also has much more specifically researched and footnoted sources for each position.

Christianity had declined severely in Germany at the time the Nazis came to power, which is why the Nazis were able to come to power.  In his book, The Dictators, Richard Overy states that in the decades preceding the First World War Germany was becoming increasingly secular, and that after that war, from 1918 to 1931, 2.4 million Evangelical Christians formally renounced their faith as well as almost half a million Catholics.  In Prussia, only 21% of the population took communion and in Hamburg only five percent of the population took communion.  Before Hitler, German religious leaders were publicly condemning the rise of moral relativism and decline of traditional religious values.

July 06

“深入浅出”与“浅入深出”

“深入浅出”是一个常用的成语,譬如“张老师讲课总是能够深入浅出,”“这篇文章写的深入浅出,”表示一个复杂的概念或者事物被易于理解的方式解释或者描述。单就字面而言,“深入浅出”意味着“先难后易”的顺序。我们写文章,希望达到“深入浅出”的效果,但自小我的老师就开始教育我“浅入深出”的写作,即“循序渐进,逐步展开”,所谓“山重水复疑无路,柳暗花明又一村”。

想把文章写得“深入浅出”,到底是要遵循“深入浅出”的顺序,还是“浅入深出”的顺序?“深入浅出”意味着开章就要明义,把文章的对象挑明。如果文章的对象不言自明,譬如“吃苹果好处多”,人人知道什么是“吃”,什么是“苹果”,什么是“好处”,以及什么是“多”,这样的写法自然既清楚又简洁。如果文章的对象是“因果性与自我选择效应”,放在第一段,通常人能正确理解的只有一个“与”字。如此一来,这个“义”,“指”是“指”矣,“明”则未必,堪称“深入”。随即“浅出”,逐步解释什么是“因果性”,什么是“自我选择效应”。术语时常是通过术语来解释。为了“自我选择”,又需要使用“差异性与相对优势”,几个回合下来,就成新版圆环套圆环(娱乐城)了。“浅入深出”的顺序恰好反过来。要讲“因果性与自我选择效应”,先从“差异性与相对优势”开始,然后是“自我选择”,继而讲“因果性”,最后点名主旨:“因果性与自我选择效应”。遵循“深入浅出”的顺序,读者从头读到尾,一路不明白,直到最后才谜底揭开,真相大白。没有耐心的读者,这种文章尚未到达真相大白的最后关头,只怕已先往垃圾桶报到了。遵循“浅入深出”的顺序,从头到尾读者倒是都明白,只是不到最后,不知道你到底想干什么,尽说些别人早就晓得的事。碰到没耐心的读者,文章主题还没说出来,估计就先被扔到了垃圾桶。

看来看去,似乎并无两全之策,只能“两害相权取其轻”。“深入浅出”,读者至少模模糊糊知道你要干什么,如果有兴趣,自然会慢慢阅读,没有兴趣,已开始就把文章扔了,节约了时间,对这个社会也是好的。反观“浅入深出”,一些本来对文章所言问题感兴趣的人,因为耐心不够,没能阅读;一些耐心好的,读到最后,发现所讲的问题跟他无关,浪费了时间。如此权衡,要想做到“深入浅出”,还就得按照“深入浅出”的顺序写。

到了美国,参加一个英文写作的培训,总是被教育要使用“深入浅出”的顺序,因为美国人的思维都是所谓线性思维(一根筋?)。 我们古人似乎也是线性思维,后来进化了,才开始七拐八弯,喜耶?悲耶?

June 29

听音乐

大弦嘈嘈如急雨,小弦切切如私語。
嘈嘈切切錯雜彈,大珠小珠落玉盤。
間關鶯語花底滑,幽咽泉流冰下難。
冰泉冷澀弦凝絕,凝絕不通聲漸歇。
別有幽愁暗恨生,此時無聲勝有聲。
銀瓶乍破水漿迸,鐵騎突出刀槍鳴。
曲終收撥當心畫,四弦一聲如裂帛。
東船西舫悄無言,唯見江心秋月白。

昨天生平头一回听现场音乐会:马友友的大提琴协奏,之前之后都有费城爱乐乐团的交响乐。白居易听个琵琶就推测到萍水相逢的女生平生不得志,心怀无限事,的的确确是知音,与我这种懵懂俗人无从比较。不过上面所录的这段乐评,确实当得上“古今独步,”也古今通用,用来描述昨天百十号人的表演也极为恰当。可知从技术的角度,诗人当日确实不吝于夸张的手法。

常有人将音乐的美归于谱曲作词以及表演者的内心情感的某种外在流露从而能与听者共鸣;只是人的内心情感外人绝难体察,如此这般的解释在实证的角度上与鬼神附体并无二致。经典名曲令古今八方之人感慨流连,若说古今八方之人皆同此心则让人难以置信。总之我更愿意相信音乐的美源于高低质地不同的声音的搭配,这种搭配就是旋律。如果旋律符合人心中通常的“美”的概念,就是所谓经典。经典并不是太需要感情,倒是非常要求技术。论到感情,说唱可能是最有个人感情的一种音乐(如果可以称说唱为音乐);强烈的情感往往高度个人化,从而导致喜欢的极喜欢,讨厌的极讨厌,说唱以及许多后现代艺术都是如此:每件作品都鲜有欣赏者,而赏识的人往往都愿意付很高的价钱。经典艺术往往举世认同,但要求极高的技术,油画、交响乐以及好莱坞大片都在此列。

我说诗人不吝于夸张,也是基于技术的考虑。交响乐集合百十号人,诸般的发声器械,从而能够覆盖极高到极低的声音,又可以融合吹弦击打不同质地的声响,也才堪堪符合人心中对于所谓“美”的声音的想象。这种种手段,如果能够单凭一架琵琶就做到了,确是匪夷所思。

几个经典大师之后,大家们多以演奏出名。可能人心中对于“美”的声音的定义并没有太多的变体,让最先的几个人差不多写尽,后来人就只能演奏前人所谱或是挖空心思求新求异,若如此,后现代倒真是无可避免。

June 22

June 22, the sixth article

Because I am allergic to crabs and shrimps, I rarely try seafood. Last week Chef Wang happened to treat me with her homemade oyster soup. It broke my long-hold illusion on seafood, and stimulated me to have a try by myself. Today I finally made the first bowl of oyster soup, yet its success reminds me how essentially the incredible communication technology has changed our life style.

Actually, I even could not prepared the materials well without the wireless telephone. I could not find the oyster after being back and forth in H-mart's seafood area for a long time. If Chef Wang had not timely instructed me through cell phone to the right place, another frozen food area far away from the seafood area, I would have simply abandoned my ambition. However, it turned out that I bought the wrong type of fishcake, on which I did not ask Chef Wang for advice.

I could not start cooking without the Internet, either. Chef Wang showed me the whole process making the soup, but I only remember the taste when it's my turn to cook. In addition, Chief Wang did not pick up her phone. This time I first reached her husband via MSN, through whom I had the way to contact Chef Wang.

These things, actually, are happening everywhere and every time. People take it for granted instead of feeling amazing when they are talking to each other by Skype in wireless networks. "It is the way it is," we may say. Yet when I call my parents in the rural China, I aware that this world is not as it appear in our eyes.

When I was a child, the only way to get local information was to talk with neighbors face to face. At that time, people frequently visited each other; otherwise you would be block out of the community. This remained the dominant way of communication in my hometown when I left for college to Peking in 1996.

Things started changing since then, and I am lucky to be a witness. The first year in college was full of surprises for a village boy suddenly arrived in a metropolitan of 15 million populations. Even students were using pages and telephones that I thought were only for businessmen; however, cell phones were still far away for college students then. I also bought my only page as a senior searching for a job in 1999 fall, but it was stolen few months latter. I bought my first cell phone in the second month after graduation. At that time, cell phones' prices took a half of my monthly wage and the state-owned duopoly service providers charged heavily, so I compared all types of models and plans before I made the purchase. I was among the first group of my classmates having cell phones, but that privilege lasted only a very short time, just one year later, all my classmates had cell phones. After another one more year, when I returned to campus as a graduate student, most students had equipped with cell phones, while text messages became a most popular way of communication.

Amore startling change happened on Internet. I applied my first Email account when I was a junior. Though my first Email account was free, I also applied another one at pku.edu with an annual fee of 100 when I was applying graduate schools in U.S. Except the address was ending with pku.edu, other aspects were disappointing. Its interface was every unfriendly, the capacity was very limited, and it was often out of order. When last year Google was promoting its 2GB free Email account, I recalled up the 1.2GB hard driver of my first PC just 8 years ago, and I felt a little bit dizzy and lost.
June 15

文明

“在家从父,出嫁从夫,夫死从子” 文明的一段描述。现在好多的“贤哲”倡导各种传统文明。个人很怀疑这些人有没有真正审查过那个被斩断的文明中到底有些什么。当然,考虑到这些“贤哲”多是男性,也不排除其实他们知道那个文明里头有些什么货什(J.P.E,vol 113 No.6 Pologyny)

Traditional belief systems in sub-Saharan Africa put great emphasis on the succession of generations, which manifests itself in an extreme fear of dying without children (Caldwell and Caldwell 1987). Since a man acquires reproductive rights at marriage, he typically makes all fertility decisions. Men prefer to marry women who are significantly younger because this will make them more submissive and more likely to accept their decisions. While women have little say in the fertilitydecision, they do bear a large share of the costs. As Caldwell and Caldwell report, “the day-to-day care of children, and to a large extent their economic support, is mostly the responsibility of their mother” (420). Indeed, women and their children often constitute a separate economic unit (P. Caldwell 1976, 328). Especially in West Africa, women are likely to earn their own incomes by trading (Caldwell et al. 1992). Typically men and women also remain spatially separate, and each wife might have her own hut within a larger complex (Quale 1992, 238). For example, survey results from Nigeria in 1973 show that “fewer than one third of wives normally eat with their husbands or sit together on occasion”(J. Caldwell 1976, 367).
Another characteristic is that a woman’s rights are severely restricted unless she is attached to a man, that is, a father, husband, or son. For example, Caldwell et al. (1992) report that wives farm on land that belongs to their husbands’ lineages and have no right to any land of their own. Practically, this means that an unmarried woman has difficulties earning her livelihood after her father’s death. Even before a patriarch’s death, there is no clearly defined role for unmarried daughters in most traditional families, and hence they are considered costly for the fathers (P. Caldwell 1976, 330).